典型双季稻田基施碳酸氢铵和尿素的氨挥发损失研究

采用密闭室连续抽气法研究了湖南典型双季稻田,尿素和碳酸氢铵基施后的氨挥发特征。结果表明,基施碳酸氢铵(NC)稻田初始氨挥发强度和氨挥发总量大于基施尿素(UR)稻田。早稻季NC处理稻田氨挥发排放量为45.19 kg·hm-2,损失率达30.12%,UR处理氨挥发排放量为32.93 kg·hm-2,损失率达21.95%;晚稻季NC处理稻田氨挥发排放量为70.91 kg·hm-2,损失率达31.93%,UR处理氨挥发排放量为61.78 kg·hm-2,损失率达27.04%。基施尿素能够显著降低稻田氨挥发排放,减少氮素损失。     

控释氮肥和尿素配比对不同品种夏玉米氮素累积、转移及其利用效率的影响

在黄淮海夏玉米生产区,不同控释氮肥和尿素的配比下,研究不同氮效率玉米品种的产量及其花前花后干物质和氮素累积分配规律,以及相应的氮素利用效率与经济效益,为该区域夏玉米氮肥高效施用提供理论与技术依据。试验采用裂区设计,周期为两年,以施氮处理为主区,设置0、180、300 kg·hm^-2 3个施氮水平,并在180 kg·hm^-2水平上设置全尿素处理（U）、控释尿素处理（C）,控释尿素与尿素按1∶2（C₁）与2∶1（C₂）配施,共6个施肥处理,分别为N₀、N₁₈₀U、N₁₈₀C、N₁₈₀C₁、N₁₈₀C₂、N₃₀₀U;品种为副区,分别为氮低效品种豫禾988（YH988）和氮高效品种郑单958（ZD958）。结果表明,在黄淮海砂质潮土条件下,氮低效品种YH988和氮高效品种ZD958均在180 kg·hm^-2施氮水平下实现了最高的产量水平,其中YH988和ZD958最佳的氮肥比例分别为控释氮∶尿素氮=1∶2和2∶1,即N₁₈₀C₁和N₁₈₀C₂。YH988和ZD958分别在N₁₈₀C₁和N₁₈₀C₂处理下花后干物质和氮素累积比例较高。同时,YH988和ZD958在N₁₈₀C₁和N₁₈₀C₂处理下分别实现了氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学效率、氮肥当季利用率和经济效益的最高。综上,在黄淮海潮土区夏玉米生产体系中,不同氮效率品种YH988和ZD958分别在180 kg·hm^-2施氮量,控施氮∶尿素氮=1∶2和2∶1的条件下,实现了高产及较高的花后干物质和氮素累积,促进了其产量和氮素利用效率的协同提高。     

Corn (Zea mays L.) Grain and Stover Yield as Affected by Soil Residual Mineral Nitrogen

Evaluation of nitrogen (N) dynamic in soil using regression equations is important for proper determination of N fertilization. A 3-year field experiment was conducted to (1) develop the best-fitted regression model relating corn grain and stover yield to soil residual ammonium (NH₄)-N and nitrate (NO₃)-N for corn yield prediction and (2) evaluate how such a model can be beneficial to the health of ecosystem by predicting the appropriate rates of N fertilization for corn production. Soil NH₄-N and NO₃-N were determined at corn harvest at the depths of 0–30 and 30–60 cm. Nitrogen fertilizer rates and soil mineral N accounted for a maximum of 93% variation in corn grain yield. Soil mineral N enhanced corn yield more than N fertilizer. Totals of 63.1 and 14.1 kg/ha of soil residual NO₃-N and NH₄-N were found in the 0- to 60-cm depth, indicating the importance of performing soil N tests.     

Use of ammonia electrode for total nitrogen determination in plants

Abstract

An ammonia electrode was evaluated as a means of determining ammonium concentration in semi‐micro Kjeldahl digests of plant samples. Results of the ammonia electrode determination agreed closely with distillation and titration results. Advantages of the electrode method include speed, precision, increased safety, simplicity and the fact that only a small aliquot of the digest is used.     

Cavity spot of carrots ‐ an association with soil ammonium

Abstract

Cavity spot incidence on sixteen samples of carrots from four fields was found to be correlated with soil ammonium (r = + .78***) and pH (r = ‐ .63**). The calcium concentration in the carrots related to soil ammonium (r = ‐ .65**), but not to cavity spot incidence. Soil nitrate and ammonium were positively associated with each other (r = + .63**), and their ratio (NH₄/NO₃) was very highly correlated with exchangeable manganese (r = + .93***) suggesting that anaerobicity was present.     

抗球虫药新剂型的制备与研究

采用固体分散技术,利用溶剂法,以处方比例马度米星铵:聚维酮(聚乙烯吡咯烷酮,PVPk30)分别为1:1、1:2、1:3制备了3个马度米星铵固体分散体,通过差示扫描量热法(DSC)分析鉴定,当马度米星铵与PVP k30的比例为1:3时马度米星铵的药物特征吸热峰消失,说明固体分散体制备成功。对药物进行体外累积溶出度研究,结果马度米星铵固体分散体在60 min内体外累积溶出度可达98.46%,比马度米星铵预混剂的2.57%提高了38倍多。抗球虫效果研究表明,马度米星铵固体分散体的抗球虫指数(ACI)为197.7,明显高于ACI为191.8的马度米星铵预混剂。     

某化肥项目余热利用分析

该工程为利用某化肥项目生产过程中产生的余热进行发电。通过对化肥项目生产流程产生的废气与余热蒸汽总量分析，提出余热利用发电的装机方案，对该规模项目余热利用的方式与规模进行探讨。     

麦草碱木质素三甲基季铵盐对酸性染料溶液的絮凝性能影响

以从造纸黑液中提取的麦草碱木质素为原料,通过曼尼希反应合成麦草碱木质素三甲基季铵盐,以脱色率为指标检测其对酸性黑ATT、酸性橙GG和酸性红B的絮凝性能。实验结果表明:对于0.1 g/l酸性黑ATT溶液,pH为2,麦草碱木质素三甲基季铵盐使用浓度在0～3 500 mg/l范围内时,脱色率随浓度增大而升高;麦草碱木质素三甲基季铵盐使用浓度为2 884 mg/l时,在pH为1～4范围内,脱色率随pH降低而增加。酸性橙GG和酸性红B也有类似的规律。由上述结论结合麦草碱木质素三甲基季铵盐和酸性染料的结构特点,认为絮凝过程先是麦草碱木质素三甲基季铵盐中的铵离子与酸性染料中的磺酸根之间氢键吸引,然后染料间产生"架桥"现象,具有三维网状结构的碱木质素分子继续网捕和卷扫脱除染料。     

EFFECT OF WATER MANAGEMENT AND POLYOLEFIN-COATED UREA ON GROWTH AND NITROGEN UPTAKE OF INDICA RICE

ABSTRACT

Poor water management and high nitrogen (N) losses are the key problems faced by rice farmers under rainfed inland valley systems. There is a need to evaluate different N fertilizers so as to identify one that could withstand these problems. The performance of polyolefin-coated urea (POCU) was therefore compared with conventional urea in a pot experiment with indica rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. IR36), using two water management systems: 1) Submerged condition referred to as good water management (GWM), and 2) excessive irrigation (over 4000 mm in 120 days) referred to as poor water management (PWM). The study was carried out during 1997 and 1998 cropping seasons under glasshouse conditions. For PWM in 1997, the pots were subjected to leaching only whereas in 1998, they were subjected to both surface runoff and leaching. For both cropping seasons, POCU-treated plants under PWM had a significantly higher grain yield (377.5 and 343.0 g m^?2) than urea-treated plants (316.5 and 260.5 g m^?2). In addition, POCU-treated plants had a significantly higher number of grains per panicle than urea-treated plants. In 1998, both the partial factor productivity of applied N and the agronomic nitrogen-use efficiency of POCU-treated plants under GWM and PWM were significantly higher than those of urea-treated plants. It can be inferred that (using sandy soils and under PWM), POCU could perform significantly better than conventional urea. This finding is important, considering the usually high nitrogen losses in rice-growing inland valley swamps.     

落叶松播种苗使用钼酸铵根外追肥试验报告

通过对落叶松播种苗根外追施钼酸铵液，促进苗高，地径生长，较明显地提高了苗木整体质量，对苗木木质化和提高苗木对不良环境的抵抗力有着积极的促进作用。